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- The Linux/m68k Frame Buffer Device
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- Geert Uytterhoeven (Geert.Uytterhoeven@cs.kuleuven.ac.be)
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- 14 May 1997
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- 1. Introduction
-
- The frame buffer device provides an abstraction for the graphics hardware. It
- represents the frame buffer of some video hardware and allows application soft-
- ware to access the graphics hardware through a well-defined interface, so the
- software doesn't need to know anything about the low-level (hardware register)
- stuff.
-
- The device is accessed through special device nodes, usually located in the
- /dev directory, i.e. /dev/fb*.
-
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- 2. User's View of /dev/fb*
-
- From the user's point of view, the frame buffer device looks just like any
- other device in /dev. It's a character device using major 29, the minor is
- divided into a frame buffer number in the upper 3 bits (allowing max. 8 frame
- buffers simultaneously) and a resolution code in the lower 5 bits of the minor.
-
- By convention, the following device nodes are used (numbers indicate the device
- minor numbers):
-
- o First frame buffer
-
- 0 = /dev/fb0current
- Current resolution
-
- 1 = /dev/fb0autodetect
- Default resolution
-
- 2 = /dev/fb0predefined0
- Predefined resolution 1
-
- ...
-
- 23 = /dev/fb0predefined21
- Predefined resolution 22
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- 24 = /dev/fb0user0
- User defined resolutions 1
-
- ...
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- 31 = /dev/fb0user7
- User defined resolutions 8
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- o Second frame buffer
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- 32 = /dev/fb1current
- Current resolution
-
- 33 = /dev/fb1autodetect
- Default resolution
-
- 34 = /dev/fb1predefined0
- Predefined resolutions 1
-
- ...
-
- 55 = /dev/fb1predefined21
- Predefined resolution 22
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- 56 = /dev/fb1user0
- User defined resolutions 1
-
- ...
-
- 63 = /dev/fb1user7
- User defined resolutions 8
-
- and so on...
-
- The device with (minor & 31) == 0 (/dev/fb?current) stands for the frame buffer
- together with the currently set video parameters; (minor & 31) == 1
- (/dev/fb?autodetect) is the video mode detected at boot time. Any other minor
- stands for some predefined or user defined video mode.
-
- The predefined entries (/dev/fb?predefined*) usually have a device dependent
- name, e.g. for major 29, minor 5, we have /dev/fb0multiscan on Amiga and
- /dev/fb0ttmid on Atari. These are meant to contain hardware dependent resolu-
- tions.
-
- The user defined resolutions (/dev/fb?user?) are meant to be filled in by the
- user. This way the user can store his favorite 8 resolutions during boot up.
-
- Note: if you need more than 8 user defined resolutions, you can always override
- the predefined resolutions by storing them in one of the predefined entries.
- But this is not recommended. Similarly, if there are more than 22 predefined
- resolutions, the device writer can decide to store them in the user defined
- entries.
-
- If the device is opened (for writing), the frame buffer driver switches to the
- selected video mode. Thus, you can switch video modes by writing to a frame
- buffer device, e.g.
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- > /dev/fb0ttlow
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- will switch your video to TT low mode. Note: if you specify a resolution which
- contains a value that's not possible on your hardware, the frame buffer device
- will round it up (if possible) or return an error condition.
-
- The frame buffer devices are also `normal' memory devices, this means, you can
- read and write their contents. You can, for example, make a screen snapshot by
-
- cp /dev/fb0current myfile
-
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- There also can be more than one frame buffer at a time, e.g. if you have a
- graphics card in addition to the built-in hardware. The corresponding frame
- buffer devices (/dev/fb0* and /dev/fb1* etc.) work independently.
-
- Application software that uses the frame buffer device (e.g. the X server) will
- use /dev/fb0current by default. You can specify an alternative resolution by
- setting the environment variable $FRAMEBUFFER to the path name of a frame
- buffer device, e.g. (for sh/bash users):
-
- export FRAMEBUFFER=/dev/fb0multiscan
-
-
- or (for csh users):
-
- setenv FRAMEBUFFER /dev/fb0multiscan
-
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- After this the X server will use the multiscan video mode.
-
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- 3. Programmer's View of /dev/fb*
-
- As you already know, a frame buffer device is a memory device like /dev/mem and
- it has the same features. You can read it, write it, seek to some location in
- it and mmap() it (the main usage). The difference is just that the memory that
- appears in the special file is not the whole memory, but the frame buffer of
- some video hardware.
-
- /dev/fb* also allows several ioctls on it, by which lots of information about
- the hardware can be queried and set. The color map handling works via ioctls,
- too. Look into <linux/fb.h> for more information on what ioctls exist and on
- which data structures they work. Here's just a brief overview:
-
- o You can request unchangeable information about the hardware, like name,
- organization of the screen memory (planes, packed pixels, ...) and address
- and length of the screen memory.
-
- o You can request and change variable information about the hardware, like
- visible and virtual geometry, depth, color map format, timing, and so on.
- If you try to change that informations, the driver maybe will round up
- some values to meet the hardware's capabilities (or return EINVAL if that
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- isn't possible).
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- o You can get and set parts of the color map. Communication is done with 16
- bit per color part (red, green, blue, transparency) to support all exist-
- ing hardware. The driver does all the computations needed to bring it into
- the hardware (round it down to less bits, maybe throw away transparency).
-
- All this hardware abstraction makes the implementation of application programs
- easier and more portable. E.g. the X server works completely on /dev/fb* and
- thus doesn't need to know, for example, how the color registers of the concrete
- hardware are organized. XF68_FBDev is a general X server for bitmapped, unac-
- celerated video hardware. The only thing that has to be built into application
- programs is the screen organization (bitplanes or chunky pixels etc.), because
- it works on the frame buffer image data directly.
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- For the future it is planned that frame buffer drivers for graphics cards and
- the like can be implemented as kernel modules that are loaded at runtime. Such
- a driver just has to call register_framebuffer() and supply some functions.
- Writing and distributing such drivers independently from the kernel will save
- much trouble...
-
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- 4. Frame Buffer Resolution Maintenance
-
- Frame buffer resolutions are maintained using the utility fbset. It allows to
- change the video mode properties of the current or a user defined resolution.
- It's main usage is to tune video modes and to store custom resolutions into one
- of the /dev/fb?user? entries, e.g. during boot up in one of your /etc/rc.* or
- /etc/init.d/* files, after which those resolutions can be used by applications.
-
- Fbset uses a video mode database stored in a configuration file, so you can
- easily add your own modes and refer to them with a simple identifier. The fbset
- install script also creates the special device nodes for the device dependent
- predefined resolutions.
-
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- 5. The X Server
-
- The X server (XF68_FBDev) is the most notable application program for the frame
- buffer device. Starting with XFree68/XFree86 release 3.2, the X server is part
- of XFree68/XFree86 and has 2 modes:
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- o If the Display subsection for the fbdev driver in the /etc/XF86Config file
- contains a
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- Modes "default"
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- line, the X server will use the scheme discussed above, i.e. it will start
- up in the resolution determined by /dev/fb0current (or $FRAMEBUFFER, if
- set). This is the default for the configuration file supplied with
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- XFree68. It's the most simple configuration (and the only possible one if
- you want to have a broadcast compatible display, e.g. PAL or NTSC), but
- it has some limitations.
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- o Therefore it's also possible to specify resolutions in the /etc/XF86Config
- file. This allows for on-the-fly resolution switching while retaining the
- same virtual desktop size. The frame buffer device that's used is still
- /dev/fb0current (or $FRAMEBUFFER), but the available resolutions are
- defined by /etc/XF86Config now. The disadvantage is that you have to spec-
- ify the timings in a different format (but fbset -x may help) and that you
- can't have a broadcast compatible display (e.g. no PAL or NTSC).
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- To tune a video mode, you can use fbset or xvidtune. Note that xvidtune doesn't
- work 100% with XF68_FBDev: the reported clock values are always incorrect.
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- There exists also an accelerated X server for the Cybervision 64 graphics
- board, but that's not discussed here.
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- 6. Video Mode Timings
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- A monitor draws an image on the screen by using an electron beam (3 electron
- beams for most color models, 1 electron beam for Trinitron color monitors and
- monochrome monitors). The front of the screen is covered by a pattern of col-
- ored phosphors (pixels). If a phosphor is hit by an electron, it emits a photon
- and thus becomes visible.
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- The electron beam draws horizontal lines (scanlines) from left to right, and
- from the top to the bottom of the screen. By modifying the intensity of the
- electron beam, pixels with various colors and intensities can be shown.
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- After each scanline the electron beam has to move back to the left side of the
- screen and to the next line: this is called the horizontal retrace. After the
- whole screen (frame) was painted, the beam moves back to the upper left corner:
- this is called the vertical retrace. During both the horizontal and vertical
- retrace, the electron beam is turned off (blanked).
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- The speed at which the electron beam paints the pixels is determined by the
- dotclock in the graphics board. For a dotclock of e.g. 28.37516 MHz (millions
- of cycles per second), each pixel is 35242 ps (picoseconds) long:
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- 1/(28.37516E6 Hz) = 35.242E-9 s
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- If the screen resolution is 640x480, it will take
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- 640*35.242E-9 s = 22.555E-6 s
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- to paint the 640 (xres) pixels on one scanline. But the horizontal retrace also
- takes time (e.g. 272 `pixels'), so a full scanline takes
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- (640+272)*35.242E-9 s = 32.141E-6 s
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- We'll say that the horizontal scanrate is about 31 kHz:
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- 1/(32.141E-6 s) = 31.113E3 Hz
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- A full screen counts 480 (yres) lines, but we have to consider the vertical
- retrace too (e.g. 49 `pixels'). So a full screen will take
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- (480+49)*32.141E-6 s = 17.002E-3 s
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- The vertical scanrate is about 59 Hz:
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- 1/(17.002E-3 s) = 58.815 Hz
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- This means the screen data is refreshed about 59 times per second. To have a
- stable picture without visible flicker, VESA recommends a vertical scanrate of
- at least 72 Hz. But the perceived flicker is very human dependent: some people
- can use 50 Hz without any trouble, while I'll notice if it's less than 80 Hz.
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- Since the monitor doesn't know when a new scanline starts, the graphics board
- will supply a synchronization pulse (horizontal sync or hsync) for each scan-
- line. Similarly it supplies a synchronization pulse (vertical sync or vsync)
- for each new frame. The position of the image on the screen is influenced by
- the moments at which the synchronization pulses occur.
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- The following picture summarizes all timings. The horizontal retrace time is
- the sum of the left margin, the right margin and the hsync length, while the
- vertical retrace time is the sum of the upper margin, the lower margin and the
- vsync length.
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- +----------+---------------------------------------------+----------+-------+
- | | x | | |
- | | |upper_margin | | |
- | | x | | |
- +----------###############################################----------+-------+
- | # x # | |
- | # | # | |
- | # | # | |
- | # | # | |
- | left # | # right | hsync |
- | margin # | xres # margin | len |
- |<-------->#<---------------+--------------------------->#<-------->|<----->|
- | # | # | |
- | # | # | |
- | # | # | |
- | # |yres # | |
- | # | # | |
- | # | # | |
- | # | # | |
- | # | # | |
- | # | # | |
- | # | # | |
- | # | # | |
- | # | # | |
- | # x # | |
- +----------###############################################----------+-------+
- | | x | | |
- | | |lower_margin | | |
- | | x | | |
- +----------+---------------------------------------------+----------+-------+
- | | x | | |
- | | |vsync_len | | |
- | | x | | |
- +----------+---------------------------------------------+----------+-------+
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- The frame buffer device expects all horizontal timings in number of dotclocks
- (in picoseconds, 1E-12 s), and vertical timings in number of scanlines.
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- 7. Converting XFree86 timing values into frame buffer device timings
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- An XFree86 mode line consists of the following fields:
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- "800x600" 50 800 856 976 1040 600 637 643 666
- < name > DCF HR SH1 SH2 HFL VR SV1 SV2 VFL
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- The frame buffer device uses the following fields:
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- pixclock
- pixel clock in ps (pico seconds)
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- left_margin
- time from sync to picture
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- right_margin
- time from picture to sync
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- upper_margin
- time from sync to picture
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- lower_margin
- time from picture to sync
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- hsync_len
- length of horizontal sync
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- vsync_len
- length of vertical sync
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- Pixelclock
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- o xfree: in MHz
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- o fb: In Picoseconds (ps)
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- o pixclock = 1000000 / DCF
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- Horizontal timings
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- o left_margin = HFL - SH2
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- o right_margin = SH1 - HR
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- o hsync_len = SH2 - SH1
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- Vertical timings
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- o upper_margin = VFL - SV2
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- o lower_margin = SV1 - VR
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- o vsync_len = SV2 - SV1
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- Good examples for VESA timings can be found in the XFree86 source tree, under
- xc/programs/Xserver/hw/xfree86/doc/modeDB.txt.
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- 8. References
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- For more specific information about the frame buffer device and its applica-
- tions, please refer to the following documentation:
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- o The manual pages for fbset: fbset(8), fb.modes(5)
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- o The manual pages for XFree68: XF68_FBDev(1), XF86Config(4/5)
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- o The mighty kernel sources:
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- o linux/Documentation/m68k/framebuffer.txt, which may be more up-to-
- date than the document you're reading now
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- o linux/include/linux/fb.h
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- o linux/drivers/char/fbmem.c
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- o linux/arch/m68k/*/*fb.c
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- 9. Downloading
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- All necessary files can be found at
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- ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/Linux/LOCAL/680x0/
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- and on its mirrors.
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- 10. Credits
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- This readme was written by Geert Uytterhoeven, partly based on the original X-
- framebuffer.README by Roman Hodek and Martin Schaller. Section `Converting
- XFree86 timing values into frame buffer device timings' was provided by Frank
- Neumann.
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- The frame buffer device abstraction was designed by Martin Schaller.
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- Generated from XFree86: xc/programs/Xserver/hw/xfree68/doc/sgml/fbdev.sgml,v 1.1.2.5 1997/08/08 03:09:07 dawes Exp $
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- CONTENTS
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- 1. Introduction ............................................................ 1
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- 2. User's View of /dev/fb* ................................................. 1
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- 3. Programmer's View of /dev/fb* ........................................... 3
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- 4. Frame Buffer Resolution Maintenance ..................................... 4
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- 5. The X Server ............................................................ 4
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- 6. Video Mode Timings ...................................................... 5
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- 7. Converting XFree86 timing values into frame buffer device timings ....... 7
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- 8. References .............................................................. 8
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- 9. Downloading ............................................................. 9
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- 10. Credits ................................................................ 9
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